| Confucius (551-479 BC) | Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) |
| Socrates (470-399 BC) | Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) |
| Mozi (470-390 BC) | William Godwin (1756-1836) |
| Xenophon (427-355 BC) | Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) |
| Plato (427-347 BC) | Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) |
| Diogenes of Sinope (412-323 BC) | Benjamin Constant (1767-1830) |
| Aristotle (384-322 BC) | Georg W. F. Hegel (1770-1837) |
| Mencius (372-289 BC) | Charles Fourier (1772-1837) |
| Xun Zi (310-237 BC) | James Mill (1773-1836) |
| Han Feizi (?-233 BC) | Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) |
| Cicero (106-43 BC) | Auguste Comte (1798-1857) |
| Piny the Younger (63-113) | Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804-1872) |
| Saint Augustine (354-430) | Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) |
| Al-Farabi (870-950) | Max Stirner (1806-1856) |
| Maimonides (1135-1204) | John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) |
| St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) | Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) |
| Marsilius of Padua (1270-1342) | Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) |
| William of Ockham (1285- 1349) | Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) |
| Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) | Karl Marx (1818-1883) |
| Martin Luther (1483-1546) | Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) |
| John Calvin (1509-1564) | Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) |
| Jean Bodin (1530-1596 | Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) |
| Richard Hooker (1554-1600) | Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) |
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) | Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) |
| Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) | John Dewey (1859-1952) |
| Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) | Max Weber (1864-1920) |
| James Harrington (1611-1677) | Benedetto Croce (1866-1952) |
| Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) | Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) |
| John Locke (1632-1704) | |
| Montesquieu (1689-1755) | |
| David Hume (1711-1776) | |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788) | |
| William Blackstone (1723-1780) | |
| Adam Smith (1723-1790) | |
| Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) | |
| Edmund Burke (1729-1797) | |
| Thomas Paine (1737-1809) |
